A. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

1. Simple Present Tense
Pola : S + V1 + O
note : V1 ditambah s/es untuk subjek bentuk ketiga tunggal dalam kalimat pernyataan.
Penggunaan :
a) Menyatakan suatu kebiasaan, contohnya :

• Every night the watchman turns on all the lights
• My sister lives in Bandung

b) Menyatakan kebenaran umum, contohnya :

• The sun rises in the east
• The earth revolves around the sun

c) Menyatakan hal yang akan terjadi dimasa datang (berhubungan dengan jadwal, program, acara, atau kegiatan lain yang terencana atau berskelanjutan), contohnya :

• She walks to school everyday
• The bus arrives at 7.00 pm

2. Present Progressive
Pola : S + tobe (am, is, are) + [verb + ing]
Stating a deed or activity in progress, there is the duration of the current time, Contohnya : We are leaving for the hottel at five o’clock.

Exercise
Simple Present Tense and Present Progressive

1. Something smells (smell) very good.
2. We are eating (eat) dinner at seven o’clock tonight.
3. He practices (practice) the piano everyday.
4. They are driving (drive) to school tomorrow.
5. I believe (believe) you.
6. Maria has (have) a cold.
7. George is swimming (swim) right now.
8. John hates (hate) smoke.
9. I will always gots (get) up at 6:00 am
10. Jerry is mowing (mow) the lown now.

B. SIMPLE PAST TENSE AND PAST PROGRESSIVE

1. Simple Past Tense
Pola: S + V2 + O
Stating an act or event that has been done in the past.
Penggunaanya :
Menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi di masa lampau, contohnya :

• Mita went to Bandung last year
• Indra did her home work last night

2. Past Progressive
Pola : S + (was, were) + [verb + ing]
Stating an event that was happening, along with other events in the past, Contohnya :

• Alif was reading magazine when his mother called.

Exercise
Simple Past Tense and Past Progressive

1. Gene was eating (eat) dinner when his friend called.
2. While Maria was cleaning the apartment, her husband was sleeping (sleep).
3. At three o’clock this morning, Elenor was studying (study).
4. When Mark arrived, the Johson were having (have dinner), but they stopped in order to talk to him.
5. John went (go) to France last year.
6. When the teacher entered (enter) the room, the students were talking.
7. While John was writing the report, Henry was looking (look) for more information.
8. We saw (see) this movie last night.
9. At one time, Mr Robert owned (own) this building.
10. Jose was writing (write) a letter to his family when his pencil brooke.

C. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE AND PREFECT PROGRESSIVE

1. Present Perfect Tense
Pola : S + have/has + V3 + O
Penggunaanya :
Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah selesai dilaksanakan sekarang, contohnya :

• We have already written our reports ( we are not writing anymore)
• Dudi has already read the entire book (He is not reading it anymore)
• Linda has lived in Tambun since 1988.

2. Present Perfect Progressive
General form: subject + [has, have] + been + [verb + ing]
Example: George has been working in Washington for three years.

Exercise
Present Perfect Tense and Past Tense

1. John wrote (write) his report last night.
2. Bob has seen (see) this movie before.
3. George has read (read) the newspaper already.
4. Mr.Johson has work (work) in the same place for 35 years and he isn’t planning to retire yet.
5. We haven’t begun (begin, negative) to study for the test yet.
6. George went (go) to the store at ten o’clock this morning.
7. Joan has traveled (travel) around the world.
8. Betty wrote (write) a letter last night.
9. Guillermo called (call) his employer yesterday.
10. We haven’t seen (see, negative) this movie yet.

OTHER and ANOTHER

With Count Nouns

• an+other+singular noun (one more)

example : another pencil => one more pencil

• the+other+singular noun (last of the set)

example : the other pencils => the last pencils present

• other+plural noun (more of the set)

example : other pencils => some more pencil

• the+other+plural noun (the rest of the set)

example : the other pencils => all remaining pencil

With Non-Count Nouns

• other+non-count nouns (more of the set)

example : other water => some more water

• the other+non-count nouns (all the rest)

example : the other water => the remaining watern

NOTE :

Another and other are non specific id the subject is understood, one can omit and keep the determiner and other so that functions as a pronoun if it is a plural count noun that is ommitted, other becomes other. The word other can NEVER be plural if it is followed by a noun

exercise

1. This pen isn’t working. Please give me another (singular).
2. If you are still thersty, I will make another part of coffee.
3. This dictionary has a page missing. Please give me the other one.
4. He doesn’t need those books. He needs the other.
5. There are thirty people in the room. Twenty are from Latin America and the other are from other countries.
6. Six people were in the store. Two were buying meat the other was looking at magazines another was eating a candy bar the other walking around looking for more foods.
7. This glass of milk is sour another vglass of milk is sour too.
8. The army was practicing its drill.One group was doing artillery practice another was marching; the other was at attention, and other was practicing combat tactics
9. There are seven students from Japan the other are from Iran, and the other are from other places.
10. We looked at four cars today. The first two were far too expenisve, but the other were reasonably priced.
    

DETERMINERS

Pada postingan ini saya akan membahas mengenai penggunaan kata much dan many, a few dan a little, serta penggunaan berbagai articles (a, an , and the).

MUCH AND MANY

Much digunakan untuk kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable), dan umumnya digunakan dalam pernyataan-pernyataan negatif dan kalimat tanya.

Contohnya :
- Much salt = banyak garam
- Much coffee = banyak kopi

Pada contoh diatas,benda benda garam dan kopi merupakan benda yang tidak bisa dihitung banyaknya (karena tidak mungkin kita menghitung garam dan kopi satu persatu)

Many digunakan untuk kata benda yang dapat dihitung (countable), dan sering digunakan pada pernyataan-pernyataan negatif dan kalimat tanya.

Contohnya:
- Many people = banyak orang
- Many book = banyak buku
Benda benda seperti orang dan buku merupakan benda benda yang bisa dihitung jumlahnya.

A FEW OR A LITTLE

a few

berarti beberapa digunakan untuk menyatan hal yang bersifat positif, dimana pada a few digunakan untuk kata benda bentuk jamak yang bisa dihitung.

Contoh : ” wish you would stay here a few days”.

a little

yang berarti sedikit digunakan juga untuk menyatakan hal yang bersifat positif, dimana pada a little digunakan didepan kata benda bentuk tunggal yang tidak bisa dihitung.

Contoh : “Please give me a little bread”.

exercise

1. He doesn’t have (much/many) money.
2. I would like (a few/little) salt on my vegetables.
3. She bought (that/those) card last night.
4. There are (less/fewer) students in this room than in the next room.
5. There is (too much/too many) bad news on television tonight.
6. I do not want (these/this) water.
7. This is (too many / too much) information to learn.
8. A (few/little) people left early.
9. Would you like (less/fewer) coffe than this.
10. This jacket cost (too much / too many).

ARTICLES A, AN and THE

Articles a, an, dan the mempunyai makna yang sama. Sama sama mempunyai makna “satu” seperi sebuah, seseorang, seekor dan lain lain tergantung kata yang mengikutinya.

a
digunakan bila benda(noun) yang mengikuti dibelakangnya bila dilafalkan berbunyi konsonan, seperti contohnya a cat, a dog dan lain- lain.

an
digunakan jika benda(noun) yang mengikuti dibelakangnya bila dilafalkan akan berbunyi vokal, seperti an hour (pelafalan menjadi an our), an umbrella.

the
digunakan untuk menyebutkan sesuatu menjadi lebih spesifik. Kata “the” biasanya merujuk pada benda/noun yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya.

Contoh :
- He is study at the school of art .
School of art disini menjelaskan secara lebih spesifik sekolah tempat dia belajar.

- He is study at gunadarma university
Pada kalimat ini tidak boleh menggunakan article “the” karena tempat dia belajar tidak dijelaskan secara spesifik.

exercise

1. Jason’s father bought him the bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday.
2. The statue of liberty was a gift of friendship fromfrance to the United States.
3. Rita is studying english and math this semester.
4. The judge asked the witness to tell the truth.
5. Please give me a cup of coffe with cream and sugar.
6. The big books on the table are for my history class.
7. No one in Spanish class knew the correct answer to Mrs.Perez question.
8. My car is four years old and it still runs well.
9. When you go to the store, please buy a bottle of chocolate milk and a dozen oranges.
10. There are only a few sents left for tonight musical at the University.
11. John and Maray went to school yesterday and then studied in the library before returning here
12. Lake Erie is one of the five great lakes in North America
13. On our trip to spain, we crossed the Atlantic Ocean
14. Mouth Rushmore is the site of Amagificent tribute to the four great American President
15. What did you eat for breakfast this morning?
16. Lovie played basket ball and baseball at the Boy's club this years
17. Rita plays violin and his sister plays guitar.
18. While we were in Alaskathe saw an Eskimo village
19. Phil can't go to a moves tonight become he has to write an essay
20. David attended Pricantem University
    
21. Harry has been admitted to the school of Madiane of mid western university
22. Mel's grandmother is in the hospital, so we went to visit her las night
23. A political some class is tanking a trip to the soviet union in spring
    
24. Queen Elizabeth II is a monarch of great Britain.
25. The declaration of independence was drawn up up in 1776
26. Scientists hope to send expediting to mars during 1985
27. Last night these was a bird singing outside my house
28. The chair that you are sitting in is broken
29. The civil war was fought in United states between 1861 and 1865
30. Florida state university is smaller than the university of Florida